Tuesday, August 25, 2020
Alexander Hamilton Essay Example for Free
Alexander Hamilton Essay There are four reasons why Alexander Hamilton contended for the improvement of assembling. His first explanation was that assembling would support the economy. The economy would develop monetarily and assembling would cause more exchange. His subsequent explanation was that assembling would cut down duties, which would cause more exchange and occupations. His third explanation was that assembling would carry more migration to the â€Å"Young America†. With the new populace it will grow America and open more zones for exchange. His last explanation was work. Having assembling would make more occupations through cultivating and manufacturing plants. Alexander Hamilton’s method of helping the United States Government was exceptionally savvy. Hamilton contemplated that helping the Government would make sure about American freedom. He imagined that the United States expected to have a sound strategy of empowering the development of assembling and simultaneously he needed to ensure that the United States’ future was as yet solid. He contended for the advancement of assembling since he accepted that he could accomplish the appropriations of the economy by parting with levies. He imagined that in the event that the United States government gave high duties, at that point nobody would need to exchange with the United States. He additionally accepted that his polices would help exchange as well as help different shortcomings of the economy, for example, work and migration. These arrangements would advance the development of assembling as well as give enhanced business openings and advance movement into the â€Å"Young America†. They would likewise extend the uses of innovation and science for all quarters of the economy, including farming. The Industrial Revolution was the most significant advancement during the nineteenth century. It brought numerous progressions towards American Life. Another class of mechanical specialists sorted out the land, work, mineral assets, and capital of the country, to augment both the creation and benefit. There were numerous new creations in, transportation and correspondence, and in the utilization of the mechanical production system strategies that made the development of gigantic, broadly based businesses with tremendous money related and political impact. A gathering of little free ranchers, create laborers, and traders became one major business for mechanical focuses. Workers and ranchers the same filled enormous modern habitats to go after occupations.
Saturday, August 22, 2020
The Sun Rising by John Donne :: Poetry
The Sun Rising by John Donne The Sun Rising by John Donne utilizes metaphorical, explanatory and overstatement methods to exhibit the dislodging of the outside world for two darlings' internal world and how the sun satisfies its obligations by rotating around their room. Donne utilizes non-literal language all through the sonnet. The main refrain looks at the sun to a Bustling old idiot (1) and Through windows, and through shades approach us? (3) is allegorical language for eyes. A wink permits the sun to come into the darlings' inward world. The peruser realizes the darlings' room isn't the focal point of the world and the sun doesn't contract[ed] around their bed. Donne's dislodging of the outside world, for the darlings' inside world, utilizes a logical procedure to endeavor to demonstrate by reason the toughness and intensity of a couples love. At the point when Donne inquires as to why the sun approaches us? (3), Why shouldst thou think? (12) and Must to [the sun's] movements sweethearts' seasons run? Donne anticipates that you should definitely know the appropriate responses. He utilizes this language to assist you with going past the restrictions of the material world by ignoring outer impacts and forcing the sun to turn around the sweethearts. Non-literal language and expository procedure are joined with metaphor to change the outside world to spin around the darlings' internal world. Dunne drives the sun away telling it to go scold (5) and in refrain twenty-nine Sparkle here to us, and thou are all over the place (29). These are misrepresentations for accentuation putting the darlings at the focal point of the world. Non-literal,
Friday, August 7, 2020
New Student Photo Series 2011 Post #8 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog
New Student Photo Series 2011 â€" Post #8 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The new student photo series continues again today. If you have sent photos, thank you and we will work on posting. If you have yet to send photos see this entry for details. My name is Helene Roy, I am an incoming MIA student. I would like to share with you some of the numerous pictures I took during a backpacking trip I did in Chile in summer 2008. The first two pictures where taken in the Salar de Atacama, the largest salt desert in Chile, located 50 km south of the small town of San Pedro de Atacama (Antofagasta Region). The last picture was taken on the road to San Pedro de Atacam, in Chuquicamata, a city known for its gigantic open-pit copper mine. Laguna Miscanti A brackish water lake located in the high plain of the Salar de Atacama. One of the most beautiful scenery in the area. Chaxa Lagoon, Salar de Atacama The Chaxa Lagoon provides habitat for various bird species, among which are those beautiful Chilean and Andean Flamingos. Chuquicamata open pit copper mine In the north of Chile, this copper mine is the second deepest open-pit mine in the world (after Bingham Canyon Mine in Utah, US)
Saturday, May 23, 2020
Not Yet an Adult in the Juvenile Justice System Essay
By law, the age of 18 gives you a lot of privileges which means they define them as an adult. Compare to a teenager, adults are expected to depend on themselves while teenagers depend on their parents. Adults are expected to be responsible for their actions. Teenagers should also be responsible for their actions, shouldnt they? People should not treat teenagers as kids. Teenagers should know that committing a crime is wrong. The Justice Department says that about 10 percent of all homicides are committed by juveniles and almost every year, the FBI arrests more than 33,000 young adults for offenses. Crime is a crime and being a teenager is not an excuse from being punished by law like an adult. The juvenile justice system is influenced†¦show more content†¦They should also know the court will charge them as an adult for committing a crime for the second time even if the crime not as brutal as the other cases. Juvenile court is not a shield of youths from the consequences of their actions. Teenagers are not kids. They are young adults. They know what they are doing. They know right from wrong. In Jessica Reaves article, she wrote her opinions about how kids understand violence: â€Å"Kids today are more sophisticated at a younger age; they understand the implications of violence and how to use violent weapons. It is absurd to argue that a modern child, who sees the effect of violence around him in the news every day, doesnt understand what killing really is. The fact that child killers know how to load and shoot a gun is an indicator that they understand exactly what theyre doing.†(Reaves) Gun, knife and any other deadly weapons, even us youth knows that those could kill people. Maybe teens are not old enough to drive, drink, smoke but they are old enough to know that crime is a hateful thing to do. The argument of young offenders be charged in adult courts began in 1990. Many people had different opinions on whether they should be treated as adults or not. Even I had a hard time to choose which side I am agreeing with. At first, I thought that they all deserve a chance to change and that their brains are not completely develop that is why they should not be treatedShow MoreRelatedJuvenile Justice And Delinquency Prevention Act Of 19741625 Words  | 7 PagesA juvenile or â€Å"youthful inmate†as defined by the Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003 (PREA) is any person under the age of eighteen who is under adult-court supervision and incarcerated or detained in a prison or jail. While PREA defines a juvenile as under the age of eighteen the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 (JJDPA) allows the states to set their own definition of a juvenile (Lahey). This discrepancy in the definition of a juvenile has caused problems and slow progressRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Is A Problem1508 Words  | 7 PagesJuvenile Delinquency When looking into the history of United States and elsewhere juvenile delinquency is a problem and has been one for over a century. Like other systems in place, the system involving juvenile delinquents has gone through many stages. In the case of the juvenile delinquency, it has gone through four stages, with us presently in the fourth. The causes behind juvenile delinquency are still unknown even today. Some blame it on the current culture, the over-exposure to violenceRead MoreJuvenile Rehabilitation: Adult Prison vs. Juvenile Incarceration1703 Words  | 7 PagesJuvenile Rehabilitation: Adult Prisons vs. Juvenile Incarceration Maureen Fries-Labra English 122 Anna Hopson December 14, 2009 Juvenile Rehabilitation: Adult Prisons vs. Juvenile Incarceration The criminal justice system has a branch for juvenile offenders. Established in the early twentieth century; it is the responsibility of this division to decide the fates of youthful offenders. This is administered by family court with support of social workers and family. With the increased numberRead MoreJuvenile vs Adult Justice System Essay989 Words  | 4 PagesAdult Justice v Juvenile Justice System There is no question that if a person is involved in any type of crime they will at some time make their way through the justice system. However, when that person is an adolescent they will go through the juvenile justice system, as an adult would go through the adult justice system. Even though the crimes of each can be of the same manner or hold the same severity the punishment results can differ. The main reason for having the two different justiceRead MoreDeterminate Sentencing: Last Chance in Texas Essay1325 Words  | 6 Pagesmore popular in juvenile courts. It is a special statute that allows for the possibility of a juvenile serving a sentence beyond the age of 21. It specifically covers certain violent offenses and drug cases, like murder, capital murder, sexual assault, and indecency with a child. Aggravated controlled substances cases are also covered (TYC website). The alternative to determinate sentencing is blended sentencing, which allows judges to issue delinquent offenders both juvenile and adult dispositionsRead MoreThe Frontline Episode : When Kids Get Life923 Words  | 4 PagesThe Frontline episode â€Å"When Kids Get Life†serves as a reminder for how the criminal justice system sometimes drops the proverbial ball when it comes to juveniles. Time after time, situations arise and are brought to the attention of the Department of Social Services . Whether they are overlooked or lost somehow, they are deprived of the help they need. The system fails children who are crying for help, and the results are sometimes fatal. Circumstances lead to the loss of life, not only for theRead MoreWhy They Should Not Be Tried As Adults During The Justice System1281 Words  | 6 Pagesnot be tried as adults in the justice system. It also shows the actual differences in the brain of a juvenile and the brain of an adult. In an article in the New York Times called, â€Å"Juveniles Don’t Deserve Life Sentences†Gail Garinger explains why juveniles and adults are different. He states, â€Å"Young people are biologically different from adults. Brain imaging studies reveal that the regions of the adolescent brain responsible for controlling thoughts, actions and emotions are not yet fully developedRead MoreJuveniles Should Never Be Charged As Adults894 Words  | 4 PagesJuveniles should NEVER be charged as Adults The criminal court system is the system of law enforcement that is directly involved in apprehending, prosecuting, defending, sentencing, and punishing those who are suspected or convicted of criminal offenses. While the juvenile court system, is used to address and deal with youth, who are caught and/or convicted of crimes. The juvenile court system was established in the United States about two hundred years ago, with the first court appearing in IllinoisRead MoreShould Juvenile Offenders Be Considered?1521 Words  | 7 PagesShould juvenile offenders be considered a source of fear and subjected to incarceration in adult prisons or a part of society worthy of being rehabilitated? Juvenile delinquents are feared by many today. They are revered as violent, superpredators, a generation lost without a cause and without ethics or morals. Some may say that it becomes an act in futility to try to find a solution to the increased crime rate when it comes to juvenile offenders. In a n effort to find a solution, any solutionRead MoreShould Juveniles be Tried in the Adult Criminal Justice System?624 Words  | 3 Pagescase for many juveniles, some as young as 13! A juvenile is subject to a more severe sentence with the limited sentencing available. It is estimated that 250,000 youth are prosecuted as adults, each year. This number should change, as juveniles are not adults, both mentally and physically. Juveniles need an environment surrounded with guiding adults, education and the resources to help them. A juvenile is not an adult, and should not be tried as one. The environment in adult facilities is immensely
Tuesday, May 12, 2020
The Epidemic Of Smallpox A Debate For Many Parents
The epidemic of smallpox is one of the most groundbreaking moments in medical history, It created the usage of vaccination to be extremely normal. Smallpox had managed to kill millions of people, which was a large part of the population at the time. Edward Jenner came up with a vaccine that could treat the illness and doctors were easily able to diagnose individuals. The process took a merely It only took around fourteen years to see that smallpox was no longer something people needed to fear. A vaccine is defined as any preparation used as a preventive inoculation to confer immunity against a specific disease, usually employing a harmless form of the disease agent, as killed or weakened bacteria or viruses, to stimulate antibody†¦show more content†¦The population of people were all over this vaccination. As time went on they began to realize that it was really working. Times went on and vaccines have become extremely common in America. Although some people view new medicin e negatively, we can not disregard the fact that it has the capability to heal people because over time as it has proven throughout history. Being educated to what is going in your body will not only save your family but help educate others. As a culture are we getting vaccines because they are mandatory and a part of the social norm or is it because they actually work? Many infants and children are dying around the world due to preventable diseases; Dr. Robert Pearl says, â€Å"There is nothing more disheartening for a physician than watching a patient die from a preventable cause. And, of course, the loss for the family involved is unimaginable†(Forbes). The parents of children in underdeveloped nations of the world are in need of vaccines. Vaccines are sent to these locations to help the people thrive. However, in the United States it is a different story, where parents demand their children not to be vaccinated. Vaccines are readily available to people, yet they refuse for many different reasons. Most of the reasons given for not vaccinating children are because of religious reasons, forgetfulness, moral beliefs, monetary issues and the theory that vaccines cause other health related issues, such
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Diagrid Free Essays
string(169) " module under gravity loads G is subjected to a downward vertical force, NG,mod, causes the two diagonals being both in compression and the horizontal chord in tension\." DIAGRID : THE LANGUAGE OF MODERN DAY BUILDER ABSTRACT Design and construction of artificial infrastructure on the lines of  biomimicking principles requires the development of highly advanced structural systems which has the qualities of aesthetic expression, structural efficiency and most importantly geometric versatility. Diagrids, the latest mutation of tubular structures, have an optimum combination of the above qualities. In this paper, the peculiarities of the Diagrid, its structural behavior under loading and the design and construction of diagrid nodes are described. We will write a custom essay sample on Diagrid or any similar topic only for you Order Now A case study of some recent diagrid tall buildings, namely the Swiss Re Building in London, the Hearst Tower in New York, and the West Guangzhou Tower in china is also presented. CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. THE TRIANGULAR DIAGRID MODULE 2. 1         INTRODUCTION 2. 2          MODULE GEOMETRY 3. STRUCTURAL   ACTION OF A DIAGRID MODULE 3. 1       EFFECT OF GRAVITY LOADING 3. 2       EFFECT OF LATERAL LOADING 3. 3       EFFECT OF SHEAR LOADING 3. 4       EFFECT OF NON-APEX LOADING 3. 5 EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL CURVATURE UNDER VERTICAL LOADING 3.       EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL CURVATURE UNDER HORIZONTAL LOADING 4. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF DIAGRID NODES 4. 1                MATERIALS  USED FOR DIAGRIDS 4. 2Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â à ‚    DIAGRID NODE DESIGN 4. 3                NODE CONSTRUCTION FOR DIAGRID STRUCTURES 4. 4                ERECTION OF DIAGRID NODES 5. CASE STUDIES 5. 1           SWISS RE BUILDING 5. 2          HEARST TOWER 5. 3          GUANGZHOU WEST TOWER 6. MERITS AND DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS 6. 1    MERITS OF DIAGRIDS 6. 2                DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS               7. CONCLUSION CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION The Diagrids are perimeter structural configurations characterized by a narrow grid of diagonal members which are involved both in gravity and in lateral load resistance. Diagonalized applications of structural steel members for providing efficient solutions both in terms of strength and stiffness are not new ,however nowadays a renewed interest in and a widespread application of diagrid is registered with reference to large span and high rise buildings, particularly when they are characterized by complex geometries and curved shapes, sometimes by completely free forms. Compared to conventional orthogonal structures for tall buildings such as framed tubes, diagrid structures carry lateral wind loads much more efficiently by their diagonal members’ axial action. ;               Among the large-span buildings some examples are represented by the Seatlle Library, the London City Hall, the One Shelley Street in Sydney, and more recently by several outstanding Pavilions realized at the Shanghai 2010 Expo, (e. g. France, UAE) as well as by some dazzling projects like the Astana National library. Among tall buildings, noteworthy examples are the Swiss Re building in London, the Hearst tower in New York, the CCTV headquarters building in Beijing, the Mode Gakuen Spiral Tower in Aichi, the Cyclone Tower in Asan, the West tower in Guangzhou, the Lotte super tower in Seoul, the Capital Gate in Abu Dhabi, the Bow project in Calgary, the Building of Qatar Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Doha. .           The diagrid systems are the evolution of braced tube structures, since the erimeter configuration still holds for preserving the maximum bending resistance and rigidity, while, with respect to the braced tube, the mega-diagonal members are diffusely spread over the facade, giving rise to closely spaced diagonal elements and allowing for the complete elimination of the conventional vertical columns. Therefore the diagonal members in diagrid structures act both as inclined columns and as bracing elements, and carry gravity loads as well as lateral for ces due to their triangulated configuration, mainly internal axial forces arise in the members, thus minimizing shear racking effects. To begin with the behavior of basic Diagrid   module is   discussed, followed by construction process. Then the merits and demerits of Diagrids are listed. CHAPTER-2 THE TRIANGULAR DIAGRID MODULE 2. 1   INTRODUCTION Diagrid structure is modeled as a beam, and subdivided longitudinally into modules according to this repetitive diagonal pattern. Each Diagrid module is defined by a single level of diagonals that extend over ‘n’ stories. | Figure 1: 8 storey Diagrid with 60 degree diagonal angle| 2. 2 MODULE GEOMETRY Diagrid structures, like all the tubular configurations, utilize the overall building plan dimension for counteracting overturning moment and providing flexural rigidity through axial action in the diagonals, which acts as inclined columns; however, this potential bending efficiency of tubular configuration is never fully achievable, due to shear deformations that arise in the building â€Å"webs†; with this regard, diagrid systems, which provide shear resistance and rigidity by means of axial action in the diagonal members, rather than bending moment in beams and columns, allows for a nearly full exploitation of the theoretical bending resistance. Being the diagrid a triangulated configuration of structural members, the geometry of the single module plays a major role in the internal axial force distribution, as well as in conferring global shear and bending rigidity to the building structure. While a module angle equal to 35 ° ensures the maximum shear rigidity to the diag rid system, the maximum engagement of diagonal members for bending stiffness corresponds to an angle value of 90 °, i. e. vertical columns. Thus in diagrid systems, where vertical columns are completely eliminated and both shear and bending stiffness must be provided by diagonals, a balance between this two conflicting requirements should be searched for defining the optimal angle of the diagrid module. Usually Isosceles triangular geometry is used. i. OPTIMAL ANGLE: As in the diagrids, diagonals carry both shear and moment. Thus, the optimal angle of diagonals is highly dependent upon the building height. Since the optimal angle of the columns for maximum bending rigidity is 90 degrees and that of the diagonals for maximum shear rigidity is about 35 degrees, it is expected that the optimal angle of diagonal members fordiagrid structures will fall between these angles and as the building height increases, the optimal angle also increases. Usually adopted range is 60 -70 degree. i. MODULE DIMENSIONS: ?   Height of the module:  It depends on the number of stories stacked per module. U sually 2 – 6 stories are stacked per diagrid with average floor height varying from 3. 5 -4. 15 m on an average. ?   Base of the module:  It depends on the height and optimal angle (apex angle) of the diagrid. CHAPTER-3 STRUCTURAL  ACTION OF A DIAGRID MODULE 3. 1  EFFECT OF GRAVITY LOADING The diagrid module under gravity loads G is subjected to a downward vertical force, NG,mod, causes the two diagonals being both in compression and the horizontal chord in tension. You read "Diagrid" in category "Essay examples" | Figure 2: Effect of Gravity Loading. | 3. 2    EFFECT OF LATERAL LOADING Under horizontal load W, the overturning moment MW causes vertical forces in the apex joint of The diagrid modules, NW,mod, with direction and intensity of this force depending on the position of the Diagrid module, with upward / downward direction and maximum intensity in modules located on the Windward / leeward facades, respectively, and gradually decreasing values in modules located on the Web sides . | Figure 3: Effect of Lateral Loading. | 3. 3  EFFECT OF SHEAR LOADING The global shear VW causes a horizontal force in the apex joint of the diagrid modules, Vw,mod, which intensity depends on the position of the module with respect to the direction of wind load, i. e. the shear force VW is mainly absorbed by the modules located on the web facades, i. e. parallel to the load direction . | Figure 4: Effect of Shear Loading| 3. 4  EFFECT OF NON-APEX LOADING For deriving internal forces in the diagrid elements, it has been implicitly assumed that the external load is transferred to the diagrid module only at the apex node of the module itself. However, since the triangle module usually expands over a certain number of stories, transfer of loads to the module occurs at every floor level, thus also concentrated loads along the diagonal length are present ; as a consequence, bending moment and shear force are expected due to this load condition. However the introduction of a horizontal member at each floor girder to diagonal intersection allows for the absorption of the force component orthogonal to the diagonal direction, thus preserving the prevailing axial force condition. | Figure 5: Effect of non-apex loading. | 3.  EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL CURVATURE UNDER VERTICAL LOADING Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â à ‚                                                                                  The above simplified analysis of the diagrid module has been carried out implicitly assuming that the plane of the triangular module coincides with the vertical plane; however, recent Applications often concern buildings characterized by curvilinear, non prismatic forms, which require the study of the diagrid curvature effect on the internal force distribution. In particular, by considering that the single module may be inclined of an angle  with respect to the vertical direction, the effect of   both gravity loads and overturning moment gives rise to an additional horizontal force, in the direction Orthogonal to the module plane. Therefore the chords of the diagrid modules, continuously connected Each other along the building perimeter at the diagonal intersections, also act as hopping elements or Ring beams, for absorbing these horizontal forces. | Figure 6: Effect of vertical and horizontal curvature. | 3. 6  EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL CURVATURE UNDER HORIZONTAL LOADING When the building has a nonrectangular, rounded plans, similar effects due to this horizontal curvature develop under the action of Lateral shear, and the ring beams also collect these outward forces arising in the horizontal plane. | Figure 7: Effect of horizontal curvature. | 4. 1    MATERIALS USED FOR DIAGRIDDS: Material selection for a Diagrid construction is based on the following factors . They are: a)   Unit weight of the material. b)   Availability of the material. )   Lead Time. d)   Erection Time. e)   Flexibility. f)  Durability. g)   Labor cost. h)à ‚  Fire resistance. The basic materials used in Diagrid construction are Steel, Concrete and Wood. The relative merits and demerits of using them are discussed below. I. STEEL : Steel is by far the most popular material for Diagrid constructions. The typical steel sections used are Wide flanges, Rectangular HSS and Round HSS. ? Steel Wide Flanges: Advantages- The weight and Size of wide flanges are optimized to resist the high bending loads many of the members experience. Thus use of wide flanges results in reduced structure weight and flexibility of size. The sections can be prefabricated in multi-panel sections, allowing quick erection by crane, reducing labor costs in the field. Disadvantages- Pre-fabrication of the Diagrid sections takes a longer lead time. ? Rectangular and Round HSS: Advantages- As with wide flanges, HSS sections can be prefabricated in multi-panel sections, allowing quick erection time, also reducing labor costs in the field. Disadvantages- Use of HSS sections will need a change in floor layouts as the beams will need to frame into the node points. This reduces the floor flexibility and efficiency. II. CONCRETE: Concrete is another widespread material for Diagrid constructions. It is used both in Precast and Cast-in-situ forms. ? Precast concrete: Advantages-The flexibility of precast sections allows them to fit to the complex building geometries. Concrete also offers extreme safety against structural fire damage. Disadvantages- The use of Concrete increases the dead load on the foundations, deflections of long spans, etc. Creep in concrete is also an issue. ? Cast-in-situ Concrete: Under an Efficient material management system, cast-in-situ concrete is the best material in terms of material cost. Lead time is virtually nothing as cast-in-situ is available on demand. III. TIMBER: Timber is the least popular material for Diagrid constructions. Advantages- Multi-panel sections can reduce erection time and labor cost. Disadvantages – Timber cost, both for material and connection, are much higher than the traditional structural materials of steel and concrete. Owing to its lesser material strength, the member sizes would be very large and hence is not preferred for major construction works. Durability and weathering of timber are other major issues. 4. 2 DIAGRID NODE DESIGN | Figure 8: Load path at Node| The diagrid segments are planned to minimize onsite butt welding and the welding locations illustrated in Figure 9. The load path can be divided into two main scenarios, vertical load and horizontal shear their combination), as shown in Figure 8. The vertical load will be transferred in the form of an axial load from the diagrid members above the node to the gusset plate and stiffeners, then to the diagrid members below the nodes as shown. The horizontal shear will be in the form of axial loads in the diagrid members above the node with one in compression and one in tension to the gusset plate and stiffeners. The force will then be transferred as shear force in the gusset plate and then to the other pair of tensile and compressive forces on the diagrid members below the node. From this load path, the shear force at the location of bolt connections is high under lateral loads. Because this may create weak points at the node particularly during earthquakes, the strength of the bolts should be designed carefully. | Figure 9: Node Design Plan| 4.    NODE CONSTRUCTION FOR DIAGRID STRUCTURES Constructability is a serious issue in diagrid structures because the joints of diagrid structures are more complicated and ten d to be more expensive than those of conventional orthogonal structures. In order to reduce jobsite work, prefabrication of nodal elements is essential. Due to the triangular configuration of the diagrid structural system, rigid connections are not necessary at the nodes, and pin connections using bolts can be made more conveniently at the jobsite. If considerately designed using appropriate prefabrication strategy, constructability will not be such a limiting factor of the diagrid structures. Prefabrication of diagrid nodes for conventional rectangular shape buildings can be done relatively easily and economically because many nodes of the same configuration are required in this case. The Hearst Headquarters in New York is the typical case. | Figure 10: Node detail for the Hearst Tower | The prefabricated nodes are connected to the large built-up diagonal members by bolts at the jobsite. As building form becomes more irregular, generating appropriate construction modules is critical for better constructability. Though it is possible to produce any complex shape construction module using today’s CAD/CAM technology, it is not the most economical solution. Extracting regularity from an irregular building form, and then adjusting the building form following the extracted regularity could be one approach. Another approach could be to make the construction modules relatively regular and design universal connections so that they can accommodate any irregularity. | Figure 11: A Diagrid node after fabrication| 4. 4ERECTION OF DIAGRID NODES During construction, the stability in the in-plane direction can be provided by the modules themselves and in the out-of-plane direction can be provided by the tie beams at the node. The temporary restraint to the diagrid and the construction may be minimized. The various steps in the Diagrid erection process include : ? In-place steel shop welding ?  Lifting up piece by piece. ?  Trial shop assembly of parts with high strength bolts. ?   In-place welding. ?   High strength bolts assembly. ?   Setting up perimeter girders | Figure 12: Construction Plan of Diagrid | | Figure 13: Diagrid Erection Process| CHAPTER-5 CASE STUDIES 5. 1  SWISS RE BUILDING | Figure 14: Swiss Re Building, London| 30 St. Mary Axe – also known as the Swiss Re Building – in London, is the first modern application and the most representative example of diagrid structure. Designed by Sir Norman Foster, with 40 stories  and an inter-story height of 4. 15 m, the tower is 180 meters tall. The building is circular in plan with diameter changing along elevation, equal to 56 m at its widest point, at the 20 story, reducing to 49 m at ground level, and to 30 m at the 38 level, where a steel and glass dome tops off the building. The diagrid structure is generated by a pattern of intersecting diagonals which follow the helical path of the so called light wells, created for enforcing natural light and air circulation. It is formed by a series of steel triangles, two-story high and 9 m wide, with an intermediate tie connecting the two diagonals, which gives to the module the aspect of a â€Å"A-shape frame†. The diagonals are CHS members, with cross section between 508 x 40 mm at the lowest floors and 273 x 12. 5 mm at the top, while the chord members have RHS, 250 x 300 mm with wall thickness of 25mm. The circular central core, which has constant diameter along elevation, does not contribute to the lateral resistance and rigidity, being a simple frame structure. 5. 2 HEARST TOWER The Hearst Tower in New York was designed by Sir Norman Foster; the building, 46 stories and 183 meters tall, has a prismatic form and a rectangular floor plan, 48 x 37m and is built on an existent 6 storey building. The diagrid structure, creating the characteristic â€Å"diamond effect†in the facade, rises from 12 composite columns, which reach the tenth floor starting from the ground level. The diagrid module is 12. 25 m wide and 16. 54 m high, and covers four stories. The diagonal cross section are I shape, with maximum size W14x370 at the base of the diagrid (tenth level), while the megacolumns between the tenth and the ground level are concrete filled box section 1100 x 1100 x 10m. | Figure 15: The Hearst Tower, New York. | 5. 3 GUANGZHOU WEST TOWER The Guangzhou West Tower, designed by Wilkinson Eyre architects, London with 103 stories and a height of 440m, is the tallest building in China and one of the tallest in the world. The building has a curvilinear shape along elevation and the floor plate is an equilateral triangle with round-corners, with side 65 m at the base, increasing to a maximum value of 65 m at approximately 1/3 of the way up the building, at which point the side begins to reduce, up to 43. 5 m at the top. It has a composite structure, made by a central concrete core and perimeter diagrid structure, with the diagrid module expanding on six stories, 12. 4 m wide and 24. 8 m high. The diagonals are steel tubular members filled by concrete (CFST), with size ranging between 1080 x 55 mm at the first floor and 700 x 20mm at the top. The concrete core has a triangle shape with chamfered corners and fully participates to the lateral resistance up to the seventh floor, where it is eliminated, leaving place to a central giant atrium for the hotel which occupies the upper floors. | Figure 16: Guangzhou West Tower, China| CHAPTER-6 MERITS AND DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS 6. 1     MERITS OF DIAGRIDS: Some major benefits of using Diagrids in structures are discussed below. 1)   The Diagrid structures besides the service core have mostly column free exterior and interior, hence  free and clear, unique floor plans are Possible. 2)  The Glass facades and dearth of interior columns allow generous amounts of day lighting into the structure. 3)   The use of Diagrids results in roughly 1/5th(20%) reduction in steel as compared to Braced frame structures. )   The construction techniques involved are simple, yet they need to be perfect. 5)   The Diagrids makes maximu m exploitation of the structural Material. 6)  The diagrid Structures are aesthetically dominant and expressive. 7)  Redundancy in the DiaGrid design is obvious. It is this redundancy then that can transfer load from a failed portion of the structure to another. Skyscraper structural failure, as it is such an important/ prominent topic, can be minimized in a DiaGrid design A DiaGrid has better ability to redistribute load than a Moment Frame skyscraper. Thus creating a deserved appeal for the DiaGrid in today’s landscape of building. 6.       DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS: Some demerits of using Diagrids are mentioned below: 1)  As of yet, the Diagrid Construction techniques are not  thoroughly explored. 2)  Lack of availability of skilled workers . Construction crews have little or no experience  creating a DiaGrid skyscraper. 3)   The DiaGrid can dominate aesthetically, which can be an issue depending upon design intent. 4)  It is hard to design windows that create a regular language from floor to floor. 5)  The DiaGrid is heavy-handed ( can be clumsy or unstable) if not executed properly. CHAPTER -7 CONCLUSION We are at a time when the global population is inching the 7 billion mark. Around the globe we witness frequent recurrence of natural calamities, depletion and degradation of vital life supporting systems, all presumed to be the impacts of Global warming, making life miserable on earth. It is high time for humanity to switch to sustainable and eco-friendly lines of infrastructure development. The construction industry, the greatest contributor to green house emissions, has the moral obligation to play the lead. The most stable and sustainable of ecosystems is the natural ecosystems. Attainment of sustainability goals would require sound knowledge and understanding of nature’s mechanisms and modeling of all artificial infrastructure in close resemblance to it. Owing to the complexity due to size and geometry of the natural systems, development of artificial infrastructure on the lines of biomimicking principles, is in fact the greatest challenge the modern day builder would have to confront with. Thus a modern day structural system should have extreme efficiency in terms of strength, expression, and geometric versatility. Most of the present structural systems are highly advanced in terms of structural efficiency and aesthetic quality, but lacks the much needed geometric versatility. As we have seen, the diagrids, the latest mutation of tubular structures, has in addition to strength and aesthetics, that extra quality of geometric versatility, making it the most suited structural system to this respect. Thus the diagrid, with an optimal combination of qualities of aesthetic expression, structural efficiency and geometric versatility is indeed the language of the modern day builder. REFERENCES 1. MOON, K. , CONNOR, J. J. and FERNANDEZ, J. E. (2007). Diagrid Structural Systems for Tall Buildings: Characteristics and Methodology for Preliminary Design, The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, Vol. 16. 2, pp 205-230. 2. MAURIZIO TORENO (2011). An overview on diagrid structures for tall buildings, Structural Engineers World Congress 2011. 3. KIM JONG SOO, KIM YOUNG SIK, LHO SEUNG HEE(2008). Structural Schematic Design of a Tall Building in Asan using the Diagrid System, CTBUH 8th World Congress, 2008. How to cite Diagrid, Essay examples Diagrid Free Essays string(169) " module under gravity loads G is subjected to a downward vertical force, NG,mod, causes the two diagonals being both in compression and the horizontal chord in tension\." DIAGRID : THE LANGUAGE OF MODERN DAY BUILDER ABSTRACT Design and construction of artificial infrastructure on the lines of  biomimicking principles requires the development of highly advanced structural systems which has the qualities of aesthetic expression, structural efficiency and most importantly geometric versatility. Diagrids, the latest mutation of tubular structures, have an optimum combination of the above qualities. In this paper, the peculiarities of the Diagrid, its structural behavior under loading and the design and construction of diagrid nodes are described. We will write a custom essay sample on Diagrid or any similar topic only for you Order Now A case study of some recent diagrid tall buildings, namely the Swiss Re Building in London, the Hearst Tower in New York, and the West Guangzhou Tower in china is also presented. CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. THE TRIANGULAR DIAGRID MODULE 2. 1         INTRODUCTION 2. 2          MODULE GEOMETRY 3. STRUCTURAL   ACTION OF A DIAGRID MODULE 3. 1       EFFECT OF GRAVITY LOADING 3. 2       EFFECT OF LATERAL LOADING 3. 3       EFFECT OF SHEAR LOADING 3. 4       EFFECT OF NON-APEX LOADING 3. 5 EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL CURVATURE UNDER VERTICAL LOADING 3.       EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL CURVATURE UNDER HORIZONTAL LOADING 4. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF DIAGRID NODES 4. 1                MATERIALS  USED FOR DIAGRIDS 4. 2Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â à ‚    DIAGRID NODE DESIGN 4. 3                NODE CONSTRUCTION FOR DIAGRID STRUCTURES 4. 4                ERECTION OF DIAGRID NODES 5. CASE STUDIES 5. 1           SWISS RE BUILDING 5. 2          HEARST TOWER 5. 3          GUANGZHOU WEST TOWER 6. MERITS AND DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS 6. 1    MERITS OF DIAGRIDS 6. 2                DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS               7. CONCLUSION CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION The Diagrids are perimeter structural configurations characterized by a narrow grid of diagonal members which are involved both in gravity and in lateral load resistance. Diagonalized applications of structural steel members for providing efficient solutions both in terms of strength and stiffness are not new ,however nowadays a renewed interest in and a widespread application of diagrid is registered with reference to large span and high rise buildings, particularly when they are characterized by complex geometries and curved shapes, sometimes by completely free forms. Compared to conventional orthogonal structures for tall buildings such as framed tubes, diagrid structures carry lateral wind loads much more efficiently by their diagonal members’ axial action. ;               Among the large-span buildings some examples are represented by the Seatlle Library, the London City Hall, the One Shelley Street in Sydney, and more recently by several outstanding Pavilions realized at the Shanghai 2010 Expo, (e. g. France, UAE) as well as by some dazzling projects like the Astana National library. Among tall buildings, noteworthy examples are the Swiss Re building in London, the Hearst tower in New York, the CCTV headquarters building in Beijing, the Mode Gakuen Spiral Tower in Aichi, the Cyclone Tower in Asan, the West tower in Guangzhou, the Lotte super tower in Seoul, the Capital Gate in Abu Dhabi, the Bow project in Calgary, the Building of Qatar Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Doha. .           The diagrid systems are the evolution of braced tube structures, since the erimeter configuration still holds for preserving the maximum bending resistance and rigidity, while, with respect to the braced tube, the mega-diagonal members are diffusely spread over the facade, giving rise to closely spaced diagonal elements and allowing for the complete elimination of the conventional vertical columns. Therefore the diagonal members in diagrid structures act both as inclined columns and as bracing elements, and carry gravity loads as well as lateral for ces due to their triangulated configuration, mainly internal axial forces arise in the members, thus minimizing shear racking effects. To begin with the behavior of basic Diagrid   module is   discussed, followed by construction process. Then the merits and demerits of Diagrids are listed. CHAPTER-2 THE TRIANGULAR DIAGRID MODULE 2. 1   INTRODUCTION Diagrid structure is modeled as a beam, and subdivided longitudinally into modules according to this repetitive diagonal pattern. Each Diagrid module is defined by a single level of diagonals that extend over ‘n’ stories. | Figure 1: 8 storey Diagrid with 60 degree diagonal angle| 2. 2 MODULE GEOMETRY Diagrid structures, like all the tubular configurations, utilize the overall building plan dimension for counteracting overturning moment and providing flexural rigidity through axial action in the diagonals, which acts as inclined columns; however, this potential bending efficiency of tubular configuration is never fully achievable, due to shear deformations that arise in the building â€Å"webs†; with this regard, diagrid systems, which provide shear resistance and rigidity by means of axial action in the diagonal members, rather than bending moment in beams and columns, allows for a nearly full exploitation of the theoretical bending resistance. Being the diagrid a triangulated configuration of structural members, the geometry of the single module plays a major role in the internal axial force distribution, as well as in conferring global shear and bending rigidity to the building structure. While a module angle equal to 35 ° ensures the maximum shear rigidity to the diag rid system, the maximum engagement of diagonal members for bending stiffness corresponds to an angle value of 90 °, i. e. vertical columns. Thus in diagrid systems, where vertical columns are completely eliminated and both shear and bending stiffness must be provided by diagonals, a balance between this two conflicting requirements should be searched for defining the optimal angle of the diagrid module. Usually Isosceles triangular geometry is used. i. OPTIMAL ANGLE: As in the diagrids, diagonals carry both shear and moment. Thus, the optimal angle of diagonals is highly dependent upon the building height. Since the optimal angle of the columns for maximum bending rigidity is 90 degrees and that of the diagonals for maximum shear rigidity is about 35 degrees, it is expected that the optimal angle of diagonal members fordiagrid structures will fall between these angles and as the building height increases, the optimal angle also increases. Usually adopted range is 60 -70 degree. i. MODULE DIMENSIONS: ?   Height of the module:  It depends on the number of stories stacked per module. U sually 2 – 6 stories are stacked per diagrid with average floor height varying from 3. 5 -4. 15 m on an average. ?   Base of the module:  It depends on the height and optimal angle (apex angle) of the diagrid. CHAPTER-3 STRUCTURAL  ACTION OF A DIAGRID MODULE 3. 1  EFFECT OF GRAVITY LOADING The diagrid module under gravity loads G is subjected to a downward vertical force, NG,mod, causes the two diagonals being both in compression and the horizontal chord in tension. You read "Diagrid" in category "Papers" | Figure 2: Effect of Gravity Loading. | 3. 2    EFFECT OF LATERAL LOADING Under horizontal load W, the overturning moment MW causes vertical forces in the apex joint of The diagrid modules, NW,mod, with direction and intensity of this force depending on the position of the Diagrid module, with upward / downward direction and maximum intensity in modules located on the Windward / leeward facades, respectively, and gradually decreasing values in modules located on the Web sides . | Figure 3: Effect of Lateral Loading. | 3. 3  EFFECT OF SHEAR LOADING The global shear VW causes a horizontal force in the apex joint of the diagrid modules, Vw,mod, which intensity depends on the position of the module with respect to the direction of wind load, i. e. the shear force VW is mainly absorbed by the modules located on the web facades, i. e. parallel to the load direction . | Figure 4: Effect of Shear Loading| 3. 4  EFFECT OF NON-APEX LOADING For deriving internal forces in the diagrid elements, it has been implicitly assumed that the external load is transferred to the diagrid module only at the apex node of the module itself. However, since the triangle module usually expands over a certain number of stories, transfer of loads to the module occurs at every floor level, thus also concentrated loads along the diagonal length are present ; as a consequence, bending moment and shear force are expected due to this load condition. However the introduction of a horizontal member at each floor girder to diagonal intersection allows for the absorption of the force component orthogonal to the diagonal direction, thus preserving the prevailing axial force condition. | Figure 5: Effect of non-apex loading. | 3.  EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL CURVATURE UNDER VERTICAL LOADING Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â à ‚                                                                                  The above simplified analysis of the diagrid module has been carried out implicitly assuming that the plane of the triangular module coincides with the vertical plane; however, recent Applications often concern buildings characterized by curvilinear, non prismatic forms, which require the study of the diagrid curvature effect on the internal force distribution. In particular, by considering that the single module may be inclined of an angle  with respect to the vertical direction, the effect of   both gravity loads and overturning moment gives rise to an additional horizontal force, in the direction Orthogonal to the module plane. Therefore the chords of the diagrid modules, continuously connected Each other along the building perimeter at the diagonal intersections, also act as hopping elements or Ring beams, for absorbing these horizontal forces. | Figure 6: Effect of vertical and horizontal curvature. | 3. 6  EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL CURVATURE UNDER HORIZONTAL LOADING When the building has a nonrectangular, rounded plans, similar effects due to this horizontal curvature develop under the action of Lateral shear, and the ring beams also collect these outward forces arising in the horizontal plane. | Figure 7: Effect of horizontal curvature. | 4. 1    MATERIALS USED FOR DIAGRIDDS: Material selection for a Diagrid construction is based on the following factors . They are: a)   Unit weight of the material. b)   Availability of the material. )   Lead Time. d)   Erection Time. e)   Flexibility. f)  Durability. g)   Labor cost. h)à ‚  Fire resistance. The basic materials used in Diagrid construction are Steel, Concrete and Wood. The relative merits and demerits of using them are discussed below. I. STEEL : Steel is by far the most popular material for Diagrid constructions. The typical steel sections used are Wide flanges, Rectangular HSS and Round HSS. ? Steel Wide Flanges: Advantages- The weight and Size of wide flanges are optimized to resist the high bending loads many of the members experience. Thus use of wide flanges results in reduced structure weight and flexibility of size. The sections can be prefabricated in multi-panel sections, allowing quick erection by crane, reducing labor costs in the field. Disadvantages- Pre-fabrication of the Diagrid sections takes a longer lead time. ? Rectangular and Round HSS: Advantages- As with wide flanges, HSS sections can be prefabricated in multi-panel sections, allowing quick erection time, also reducing labor costs in the field. Disadvantages- Use of HSS sections will need a change in floor layouts as the beams will need to frame into the node points. This reduces the floor flexibility and efficiency. II. CONCRETE: Concrete is another widespread material for Diagrid constructions. It is used both in Precast and Cast-in-situ forms. ? Precast concrete: Advantages-The flexibility of precast sections allows them to fit to the complex building geometries. Concrete also offers extreme safety against structural fire damage. Disadvantages- The use of Concrete increases the dead load on the foundations, deflections of long spans, etc. Creep in concrete is also an issue. ? Cast-in-situ Concrete: Under an Efficient material management system, cast-in-situ concrete is the best material in terms of material cost. Lead time is virtually nothing as cast-in-situ is available on demand. III. TIMBER: Timber is the least popular material for Diagrid constructions. Advantages- Multi-panel sections can reduce erection time and labor cost. Disadvantages – Timber cost, both for material and connection, are much higher than the traditional structural materials of steel and concrete. Owing to its lesser material strength, the member sizes would be very large and hence is not preferred for major construction works. Durability and weathering of timber are other major issues. 4. 2 DIAGRID NODE DESIGN | Figure 8: Load path at Node| The diagrid segments are planned to minimize onsite butt welding and the welding locations illustrated in Figure 9. The load path can be divided into two main scenarios, vertical load and horizontal shear their combination), as shown in Figure 8. The vertical load will be transferred in the form of an axial load from the diagrid members above the node to the gusset plate and stiffeners, then to the diagrid members below the nodes as shown. The horizontal shear will be in the form of axial loads in the diagrid members above the node with one in compression and one in tension to the gusset plate and stiffeners. The force will then be transferred as shear force in the gusset plate and then to the other pair of tensile and compressive forces on the diagrid members below the node. From this load path, the shear force at the location of bolt connections is high under lateral loads. Because this may create weak points at the node particularly during earthquakes, the strength of the bolts should be designed carefully. | Figure 9: Node Design Plan| 4.    NODE CONSTRUCTION FOR DIAGRID STRUCTURES Constructability is a serious issue in diagrid structures because the joints of diagrid structures are more complicated and ten d to be more expensive than those of conventional orthogonal structures. In order to reduce jobsite work, prefabrication of nodal elements is essential. Due to the triangular configuration of the diagrid structural system, rigid connections are not necessary at the nodes, and pin connections using bolts can be made more conveniently at the jobsite. If considerately designed using appropriate prefabrication strategy, constructability will not be such a limiting factor of the diagrid structures. Prefabrication of diagrid nodes for conventional rectangular shape buildings can be done relatively easily and economically because many nodes of the same configuration are required in this case. The Hearst Headquarters in New York is the typical case. | Figure 10: Node detail for the Hearst Tower | The prefabricated nodes are connected to the large built-up diagonal members by bolts at the jobsite. As building form becomes more irregular, generating appropriate construction modules is critical for better constructability. Though it is possible to produce any complex shape construction module using today’s CAD/CAM technology, it is not the most economical solution. Extracting regularity from an irregular building form, and then adjusting the building form following the extracted regularity could be one approach. Another approach could be to make the construction modules relatively regular and design universal connections so that they can accommodate any irregularity. | Figure 11: A Diagrid node after fabrication| 4. 4ERECTION OF DIAGRID NODES During construction, the stability in the in-plane direction can be provided by the modules themselves and in the out-of-plane direction can be provided by the tie beams at the node. The temporary restraint to the diagrid and the construction may be minimized. The various steps in the Diagrid erection process include : ? In-place steel shop welding ?  Lifting up piece by piece. ?  Trial shop assembly of parts with high strength bolts. ?   In-place welding. ?   High strength bolts assembly. ?   Setting up perimeter girders | Figure 12: Construction Plan of Diagrid | | Figure 13: Diagrid Erection Process| CHAPTER-5 CASE STUDIES 5. 1  SWISS RE BUILDING | Figure 14: Swiss Re Building, London| 30 St. Mary Axe – also known as the Swiss Re Building – in London, is the first modern application and the most representative example of diagrid structure. Designed by Sir Norman Foster, with 40 stories  and an inter-story height of 4. 15 m, the tower is 180 meters tall. The building is circular in plan with diameter changing along elevation, equal to 56 m at its widest point, at the 20 story, reducing to 49 m at ground level, and to 30 m at the 38 level, where a steel and glass dome tops off the building. The diagrid structure is generated by a pattern of intersecting diagonals which follow the helical path of the so called light wells, created for enforcing natural light and air circulation. It is formed by a series of steel triangles, two-story high and 9 m wide, with an intermediate tie connecting the two diagonals, which gives to the module the aspect of a â€Å"A-shape frame†. The diagonals are CHS members, with cross section between 508 x 40 mm at the lowest floors and 273 x 12. 5 mm at the top, while the chord members have RHS, 250 x 300 mm with wall thickness of 25mm. The circular central core, which has constant diameter along elevation, does not contribute to the lateral resistance and rigidity, being a simple frame structure. 5. 2 HEARST TOWER The Hearst Tower in New York was designed by Sir Norman Foster; the building, 46 stories and 183 meters tall, has a prismatic form and a rectangular floor plan, 48 x 37m and is built on an existent 6 storey building. The diagrid structure, creating the characteristic â€Å"diamond effect†in the facade, rises from 12 composite columns, which reach the tenth floor starting from the ground level. The diagrid module is 12. 25 m wide and 16. 54 m high, and covers four stories. The diagonal cross section are I shape, with maximum size W14x370 at the base of the diagrid (tenth level), while the megacolumns between the tenth and the ground level are concrete filled box section 1100 x 1100 x 10m. | Figure 15: The Hearst Tower, New York. | 5. 3 GUANGZHOU WEST TOWER The Guangzhou West Tower, designed by Wilkinson Eyre architects, London with 103 stories and a height of 440m, is the tallest building in China and one of the tallest in the world. The building has a curvilinear shape along elevation and the floor plate is an equilateral triangle with round-corners, with side 65 m at the base, increasing to a maximum value of 65 m at approximately 1/3 of the way up the building, at which point the side begins to reduce, up to 43. 5 m at the top. It has a composite structure, made by a central concrete core and perimeter diagrid structure, with the diagrid module expanding on six stories, 12. 4 m wide and 24. 8 m high. The diagonals are steel tubular members filled by concrete (CFST), with size ranging between 1080 x 55 mm at the first floor and 700 x 20mm at the top. The concrete core has a triangle shape with chamfered corners and fully participates to the lateral resistance up to the seventh floor, where it is eliminated, leaving place to a central giant atrium for the hotel which occupies the upper floors. | Figure 16: Guangzhou West Tower, China| CHAPTER-6 MERITS AND DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS 6. 1     MERITS OF DIAGRIDS: Some major benefits of using Diagrids in structures are discussed below. 1)   The Diagrid structures besides the service core have mostly column free exterior and interior, hence  free and clear, unique floor plans are Possible. 2)  The Glass facades and dearth of interior columns allow generous amounts of day lighting into the structure. 3)   The use of Diagrids results in roughly 1/5th(20%) reduction in steel as compared to Braced frame structures. )   The construction techniques involved are simple, yet they need to be perfect. 5)   The Diagrids makes maximu m exploitation of the structural Material. 6)  The diagrid Structures are aesthetically dominant and expressive. 7)  Redundancy in the DiaGrid design is obvious. It is this redundancy then that can transfer load from a failed portion of the structure to another. Skyscraper structural failure, as it is such an important/ prominent topic, can be minimized in a DiaGrid design A DiaGrid has better ability to redistribute load than a Moment Frame skyscraper. Thus creating a deserved appeal for the DiaGrid in today’s landscape of building. 6.       DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS: Some demerits of using Diagrids are mentioned below: 1)  As of yet, the Diagrid Construction techniques are not  thoroughly explored. 2)  Lack of availability of skilled workers . Construction crews have little or no experience  creating a DiaGrid skyscraper. 3)   The DiaGrid can dominate aesthetically, which can be an issue depending upon design intent. 4)  It is hard to design windows that create a regular language from floor to floor. 5)  The DiaGrid is heavy-handed ( can be clumsy or unstable) if not executed properly. CHAPTER -7 CONCLUSION We are at a time when the global population is inching the 7 billion mark. Around the globe we witness frequent recurrence of natural calamities, depletion and degradation of vital life supporting systems, all presumed to be the impacts of Global warming, making life miserable on earth. It is high time for humanity to switch to sustainable and eco-friendly lines of infrastructure development. The construction industry, the greatest contributor to green house emissions, has the moral obligation to play the lead. The most stable and sustainable of ecosystems is the natural ecosystems. Attainment of sustainability goals would require sound knowledge and understanding of nature’s mechanisms and modeling of all artificial infrastructure in close resemblance to it. Owing to the complexity due to size and geometry of the natural systems, development of artificial infrastructure on the lines of biomimicking principles, is in fact the greatest challenge the modern day builder would have to confront with. Thus a modern day structural system should have extreme efficiency in terms of strength, expression, and geometric versatility. Most of the present structural systems are highly advanced in terms of structural efficiency and aesthetic quality, but lacks the much needed geometric versatility. As we have seen, the diagrids, the latest mutation of tubular structures, has in addition to strength and aesthetics, that extra quality of geometric versatility, making it the most suited structural system to this respect. Thus the diagrid, with an optimal combination of qualities of aesthetic expression, structural efficiency and geometric versatility is indeed the language of the modern day builder. REFERENCES 1. MOON, K. , CONNOR, J. J. and FERNANDEZ, J. E. (2007). Diagrid Structural Systems for Tall Buildings: Characteristics and Methodology for Preliminary Design, The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, Vol. 16. 2, pp 205-230. 2. MAURIZIO TORENO (2011). An overview on diagrid structures for tall buildings, Structural Engineers World Congress 2011. 3. KIM JONG SOO, KIM YOUNG SIK, LHO SEUNG HEE(2008). Structural Schematic Design of a Tall Building in Asan using the Diagrid System, CTBUH 8th World Congress, 2008. How to cite Diagrid, Papers
Friday, May 1, 2020
Auditing and Assurance Flame Ltd
Question: Discuss about the Auditing and Assurance for Flame Ltd. Answer: Introduction As being a senior Auditor in EA partners, the firm is going forward to take a new client, Flames Ltd which is supermarket in Australia for compiling a risk assessment report as portion of initial stage for the preparation and auditing plan. The Auditor will be analyzing inherent risk of the new company. For assessment of the assessment will be done by looking to the information which will be released by the media through newspaper, news, and industry magazine as well as academic information. Further, the appropriate standard needs to need to be applied for the reference. After the assessment of the risk, a suitable control has to be suggested which will be mitigating the impact of that risk on the firm. Overview of the Company The company selected for explaining the inherent risk of the company is Flames Ltd. Flames limited is renowned retail groceries Supermarket of Australia, with headquartered in New Jercy. Flames Ltd. is basically dealing in Selling packaged foods, vegetables, fruit, meat, etc. But moving forward for the expansion DVDs, Magazines, Stationery hotel services as well as petrol sectors. Currently, it is running its store to more than 200 stores all over the Australia. Some of the Supermarkets are trading as Safeway' Shop in Victoria, which is including- 3 stores in Suburbs 4 area in the rural area. Flame is providing a opportunity to many of the people in the New Jercy. Customers of the Flames are giving a very good response to the shop. Flame is also moving forward for supplying the merchandise products in the budget of the customer. Further Flames is planning to expand its business all over the Australia and meeting to the High of success. Flame is one of the fastest growing retail compa ny in the field of the retail supermarket. Risk Assessment For doing the risk assessment of the company specifically, inherent risk needs to be considered. Therefore there will be evaluation of risk through material misstatement on the financial statements, which will be given by the client. A very important factor which will be increasing the inherent risk is the external factor and environment. By the annual report with ending June 2015 and half yearly report ending January 2016, here are some inherent risk which is recognized: Sale Revenue The Australian economy is growing at an increasing rate which is surely affecting the sale of the retail stores. The competitors in the market are too affecting the position of Flames Ltd. Due to this reason, there is some inherent risk in which some of the special audit consideration is required. The company also got 700 m $ from the sale of assets and property which is another source of income for the company. The revenues have increased by 2.03% as compared to the previous. It is because of the time during the festive season when the demand for food, beverages, and liquors are high (Hsu,2013). Inventory Further looking to the factor of the inventory flames Ltd has huge inventories. From the report, it is seen that the inventories are increasing form previous to the current year (van Kruidhof, 2013). The comparison is made with the inventories of the last two years which are showing increase in the inventory turnover ratio with 13.56 in the 2016 and 12.33 in 2015. Accounts Receivables looking to the receivable it is seen that with the increase in the sales revenue there is decrease in the accounts receivables. This is depicting the efficiency in the process of collecting the debt also due to some other reason. In the report released by the Moody's Investor services at 26 August 2015 (CRC 2015) has rated Flames Ltd in the Standards Poor which has increased from BB+ to A. So there was special consideration made to the accounts receivables people (Li,2014). Borrowings Looking to the factor of the borrowing it is observed the all the borrowing have been capitalized. Moreover, the (Australian Accounting Standards) AAS 34 says that it is necessary to capitalize the cost of borrowing only when if the acquisition are attributable directly, production and construction of assets which are qualifying. The borrowing cost is identified as cost during the period in which it is occurring. There has been increase in the borrowing form 1645 $ million to 2000 $ million in 2016. The company has increased the amount of debt with 17% in the current year which shows that risk of the business has increased. There huge chance of risk of the Flame Ltd. which may capitalize the borrowing expense which will have recorded as expense. The company will be getting to exposure of the high-interest risk because it is going to borrow at variable and fixed interest rates (Covello Merkhoher,2013) Liquidity risk Looking towards the current ratio and quick ratio, it shows a huge variation and changes. The current ratio has decreased, and there is increase in the quick ratio. This shows that company can meet the cash require of the company in some of the point. The company has sufficient amount of cash to meets the operation of the company. The company id more looking forward to delivering cash requirement for the bank. Effects of change in the foreign currency Flames Ltd is delivering its operation not only domestically but also internationally. So there is involvement of the foreign currency. Effect of it has been shown in the income statement of the company. But due to the inflation company is suffering from the huge loss in doing the transaction globally (Shariff Zaini,2013). Other Financial Liability The other financial liability of the company has increased for the current year. As well as in respect of paying other liabilities financial liabilities it has increased by 93% from the earlier year. There has been increase in 5.45% current liability which is not showing a positive signal to the companys position (Simunic et al., 2016). Conclusion After doing the complete analysis of the company's position in respect of the inherent risk, it can be concluded that most of the risk of the company lies in the current ratio, other financial liability, and risk in the investment of the foreign exchange. The inherent risk of that factor cannot be changed, so to minimize the risk, there need to be taken care for some of the factors. With a view to minimizing the risk, there have to be some steps taken, and this can be done while doing the process of audit some factors needs to be kept in mind: There sale revenue should be recorded correctly, after doing a proper verification of the vouchers, specially the invoices of the peak and festive season. This will help in maintaining the proper store of the account. In the case of the inventory, a proper security should be maintained, so that there are no chances of the inventory getting stoles or any employee doing fraud. The receivable of the Fame should be checked time to time and collection period of the receivable should be increased so that, there is no such due present in the collection of the debtors. Similarly, in the case of the borrowing, a proper checking needs to be done whether the classification of the borrowing has been placed in the correct group while maintaining the balance sheet of the company, as this is the ultimate place where the position of the company is reflected. Finally, come the point of the liquidity risk and investment form then foreign currency. So company can take step of adopting the process of hedging to minimize the risk which will be occurring from the difference in the value of currency. Further, the liquidity risk should be taken into consideration with increasing in the assets. Reference List Covello, V. T., Merkhoher, M. W. (2013).Risk assessment methods: approaches for assessing health and environmental risks. Springer Science Business Media. Hsu, H. C. (2013). Using MSN Money To Perform Financial Ratio Analysis.Journal of College Teaching Learning (TLC),7(9). Li, W. (2014).Risk assessment of power systems: models, methods, and applications. John Wiley Sons. Shariff, A. M., Zaini, D. (2013). Inherent risk assessment methodology in preliminary design stage: a case study for toxic release.Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries,26(4), 605-613. Simunic,D. A., Ye, M., Zhang, P. (2016). The joint effects of multiple legal system characteristics on auditing standards and auditor behavior.Contemporary Accounting Research. van den End, J. W., Kruidhof, M. (2013). Modelling the liquidity ratio as macroprudential instrument.Journal of Banking Regulation,14(2), 91-106.
Saturday, March 21, 2020
Positive Discrimination Towards Women in Society Essay Example
Positive Discrimination Towards Women in Society Essay Positive discrimination towards women in society is justified. No because†¦ Discrimination is never positive. In a civilized society, it is not exceptable to treat people differently, on the basis of gender. Furthermore, the claim of women having a disadvantaged status is preposterous. A quick examination of our laws and societal practices shows that women have an incredibly advantaged status. They are not required to register for the draft[1], like men are. They have a government council devoted solely to them[2] [3], whereas men do not. They have female-only scholarships and grants[4], whereas men do not. They have shelters to escape domestic violence[5], whereas men do not. They are protected from circumcision by law[6], whereas men are not. Their names are hidden when they accuse others of several kinds of crimes, whereas men are not[7]. If anyone is disadvantaged, its men. Men are 80% of suicides[8], 40% of colleges students[9], 40% of degree earners[10], 80% of the homeless[11], 80% of the layed off[12], and 92. 7% of the job deaths[13]. Men are more likely to die from every major cause of death[14], and yet there exists no amount of medical funding and research for them, on par with that of women. And this is to say nothing, of the blatant discriminations, under the law, that men suffer, as mentioned above. Positive discrimination towards women should not be allowed Women shouldnt be subject to positive discrimination because they are as capable as men are at succeeding in society. International law also states that men and women are both equal in right therefore positive discrimination is in direct breach of this. We will write a custom essay sample on Positive Discrimination Towards Women in Society specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Positive Discrimination Towards Women in Society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Positive Discrimination Towards Women in Society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Even given the best of intentions, discrimination based on ascribed rather than achieved characteristics is unjust Not true equality†¦ If men and women are truly equal, there shouldnt be a need for a particular legislation to classify them as such. Laws are inherently complicated and the wording can be interpreted in a variety of ways. If we propose to legislate equality rights for women, that could have the negative effect of restricting the rights as lawyers examine the legislations finding alternate interpretations. Ending up in constricting rights that is already given in general laws applying equally to every man woman and child in this country. Positive discrimination serves little purpose, women shouldnt need a specific set of laws telling them what they can do, if they truly believe they are equal to men in every way. The basic laws such as Human Rights Act 1998 should be sufficient. Will Cause Resentment Between Men and Women Positive discrimination is seen as favouring one over the other, the other side will harbor resentments and jealousy. Women and men need to work together in society; and, they cant do so with such hostility between them. Such steps will engender a feeling of despair in men, when they are treated as less that of women. They will resent women, particularly for attempting to justify the discriminations against them. In no way, shape, and form could biases against men, contribute to a healthy society, nor will they mend any problems we have now. On the contrary, they would make relations between the genders far more problematic than they already are. As for your question, about my origins, Im from Mars, if youre from Venus. It does not address the underlying issues well actually if the women of today are given jobs on the basis of positive discrimination, their daughters(and sons) have greater motivation and probability for getting jobs. Working/educated mothers have better chances of educated/working children. Schools set up just to educate girls are a form of positive discrimination. Positive discrimination is merely a stop-gap measure. It only helps women in the end result ie getting a job it doesnt address why they might not be having the access to these opportunities in the first place. If women are not being offered jobs at the top end of industry, why not? If as in some countries it is because they do not have equal access to education, then addressing this base issue would have a more positive and long lasting effect. If women do not have access to jobs through discrimination reasons then discrimination legislation needs to be implemented or more strictly enforced. Positive discrimination may help the current generation of disadvantaged women but fails to address future generations issues. It is Men, Not Women, who are Disadvantaged in our Society The claim of women having a disadvantaged status is preposterous. A quick examination of our laws and societal practices shows that women have an incredibly advantaged status. They are not required to register for the draft[1], like men are. They have a government council devoted solely to them[2] [3], whereas men do not. They have female-only scholarships and grants[4], whereas men do not. They have shelters to escape domestic violence[5], whereas men do not. They are protected from circumcision by law[6], whereas men are not. Theyre names are hidden when they accuse others of several kinds of crimes, whereas men are not[7]. If anyone is disadvantaged, its men. Men are 80% of suicides[8], 40% of colleges students[9], 40% of degree earners, 80% of the homeless[10], 80% of the layed off[11], and 92. 7% of the job deaths[12]. Men are more likely to die from every major cause of death[13], and yet there exists no amount of medical funding and research for them, on par with that of women. And this is to say nothing, of the blatant discriminations, under the law, that men suffer, as mentioned above. Rebuttal to opposition, part 1: Not True Equality In the post, Not True Equality, you stated that: your premise is incorrect. All men and women should be treated equally. A woman keeping a man-slave for chattel does not make that slave inferior but if the law does not say that they are equal shell have the right to treat that man as an inferior and keep him as her slave; undermining him in everything. bullying people does not make someone superior, fact is more men bully women than vice versa and the law needs to state that the sexes are equal to diminish harassment from either side. It is your premise that is incorrect. You can not state that you think men and women should be treated equally, when you are arguing in favor of women being given special advantages in society. Secondly, the law does state that the sexes are equal; but, it isnt applied that way. For example, only men are required to register for the draft. If it is equality you seek, then the answer is just that: equalit y. Inequality can not be fixed by advocating for more inequality. Thirdly, where on earth did you get that men bully women, more often than vice-versa? You gave no citations; and, you need to add them. You outright claim its a fact; but, you go on to give no factual evidence. Furthermore, how is that relevant to the discussion at hand? Bullying has no barring on the subject of how the law should treat different groups. Rebuttal to opposition, part 2: Positive discrimination towards women should not be allowed In the post, Positive discrimination towards women should not be allowed, you stated: There is no such thing as international law in the USA, except for treaties which are ratified by the Senate. Consequently, the so-called international law must be subservient to USA law and interpreted accordingly. Thus, positive discrimination does NOT violate international law because international law does NOT exist in the USA. Women should certainly be granted positive discrimination, and men should give every advantage to them. Actually, there is such a thing as international law; and the ones we are talking about have already been agreed to by the United States Congress. It is not, nor must it be subservient to U. S. law. The United States signed the treaty known as the Charter of the United Nations[1]; wherein the United States agreed to be bound by its articles, including chapter IV, wherein the United States agreed to adhere to the resolutions of the General Assembly. One such resolution was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights[2], which stated in Article 2: Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty One of the rights and freedoms set forth in the declaration, that was alluded to in the post, Positive discrimination towards women should not be allowed was the right to be equals before the law, as set out in Article 7, which states: All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination. The United States Congress has already signed this treaty and is therefore obliged to comply with it, at the legislative level. That is why positive discrimination against men is already in violation of our laws and international law; and, why it cant be permitted.
Thursday, March 5, 2020
Mosquito coil from cows manure Essays
Mosquito coil from cows manure Essays Mosquito coil from cows manure Essay Mosquito coil from cows manure Essay The proponents choose this product because lots of mosquitoes are abundant during rainy season. Many get diseases from these harmful Insects that may lead to death. In order to minimize this problem, our group decided to make mosquito coil as repellent from mosquitoes. It Is an organic cool made from a cows manure that ensures no harmful chemicals and affordable. GREEN BANANA FRIES Materials: Green Bananas 1 h cup of cooking oil 1 cup of cheddar cheese Benefits: Banana helps maintain the level of energy. Bananas also have a lot of benefits in cardiovascular and digestive health. Banana is rich In Vitamin 86, Manganese, Vitamin C, Fiber, Potassium, Biotin, Copper and etc. Their easy portability, low expense, and great taste also help support their popularity in this exclusive group. It ill require small capital to be produced. Resources are more convenient and available most of the time. Target Market: Students Employees Drivers Uses: It is to promote healthy foods in the society and replace Junk foods with products that give more nutritional facts than an ordinary potato. Description: They taste as good as any fast food French fries and are healthier. It is Just the same as potato fries but different variety of main ingredient only. Rationale: I thought of creating a green banana fries to try a different variety of having a potato fries. I think this would also be possible to make since most people like eating bananas. I also would want to prefer bananas since students are much tired after class, even skips breakfast on morning, some also are fun of having late lunch or late dinner. And thinking about this, I found out that Banana helps maintain the level of energy. Green bananas also are the healthiest because they have all their vitamins where ripe ones lose most of them because theyre too ripe. Green bananas do not have a strong banana flavor at all. Its very deceptive and very healthy.
Tuesday, February 18, 2020
Project as an Intern at a Design Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words
Project as an Intern at a Design Film - Essay Example This all depended on appropriate time scale, enough budget allocation and good client communication, since the work of a designer is turning a concept into reality. In the long run the design processes included experimental, routine and fashion designs. Another key is the assembly of the client team which gave an outline of factors to be considered when hiring personnel in the business, which resulted in overcoming the cultural and operational differences experienced. The last key is the briefing process, which defined the project objectives, specific business opportunities to be realized and the scope for creating opportunities for the firm. Shortlisting of qualified design consultants was paramount as their main function in the business was to provide professional design solutions so that the client needs are met. Appointed design consultants were to specifically give shape to responses made by the clients. They provided polished design criteria for projects which comprised of gene ral overview of the project, intellectual, functional, technical and accommodation design criteria’s. ... Introduction to Finance Every business is formed on a strong financial base for it to properly carry out its operations of making profits. Most of the spheres affected by the financial principles of the design firm were contract management, administration of contracts, resourcing, budget and cost planning. The module, introduction to finance introduced the basic corporate and personal finance concepts, the time value for money, financial markets, shares and bonds, financial risk and return, ways of raising money and elements of investment. In addition the major components of finance included institutions and markets under which there were banks and other financial institutions, and the Federal Reserve System fell (Melicher and Norton 115). Finally, financial management comprised of business organization, financial analysis and long term financial planning, managing working capital and capital budgeting analysis. These principles served as the foundation of finance relating to the des ign business during my internship. Through financial analysis: the differences between manager and stakeholders are identified, time value of money, and higher returns were realized by taking more risks as the diversification of interests reduced risks. The design business had a financial system where the financial capital flowed with the aid of markets, intermediaries and regulation from savings to investments in the economy (Melicher and Norton 328). Melicher and Norton (251) argue that money markets are where the debt securities maturing within one year or less are traded while the capital markets are debt securities that mature longer than one year are traded. The major types of financial
Monday, February 3, 2020
Why is the employment relations system in the USA characterised by low Essay
Why is the employment relations system in the USA characterised by low levels of collective bargaining - Essay Example Every country have specific norms and labour policies based on which the framework of the employee relation system is designed. In USA there are three basic laws with regard to the employee relationship. They are: a) National Labour Relation Act, which is also known as the Wagner Act, b) Labour Management Relation Act, also called the Taft-Hartley Act, and c) Disclosure Act, which is called the Landrum Griffin Act. The Federal authorities throughout USA make sure that these three laws are implemented in organizations. The agency responsible for its enforcement is the National Labour Relation Board (NLRB). It is into labour management and relation assessment. The Department of Labour (DOL) is responsible for the enforcement of the other important aspects in labour relationship management laws. The major requirement for doing such activity is to ensure the democracy of the internal union and the financial accountability. Both of these regulatory bodies are responsible for ascertaining that the laws are strictly followed and organizations are working under the assistance of these stated frameworks. The private sector workforce or employees have laws set for them under the federal labour laws of the two regulatory bodies such as DOL and NLRB. It has been stated in the Commerce Clause that these regulatory bodies even have regulatory authority to control the labour or employee relations in the privately owned companies (Cahuc and Zylberberg, 2004, pp. 371–373). Traditionally, the unions were formed by skilled craftsmen to safeguard their interest in the organization. With the advent of scientific management in the organizations and industries, the rationale for collectively acting to bargain for the disbursement and working conditions among the workers increased. However, the capitalists in those times were extremely powerful and they opposed the union movement. The anti-union employment laws were even floated by them so as to dishevel the union movement of t he craftsmen. However, during the Great Depression of 1930s, the factory workers united and started forming unions. It was during this time when these unions were successful in performing many activities such as the Wagner Act of 1935, which gave the employees or workers the right to plan and organize strikes. In 1940–1950, the unions began to grow though the federal legislation controlled and monitored them from time to time. In 1960 and 1970, the unionization in the public sector increased considerably (Harcourt and Wood, 2006, pp. 141–145). The regulatory bodies in US affect the industrial and employee relation system in many ways such as: They provide the terms and conditions of the employment in details and directly. They regulate the way in which the organized labour or employees and the management are related to one another. The regulatory bodies had ascertained the minimum wage rate and the maximum working hours for the workers. The overtime rates were also asc ertained by the federal and state bodies. The concept of â€Å"employment at will†operates in US. This means that the employer would have to show no specific reason for dismissing any employee. In this scenario, the National Labour Relation Act was introduced, which provided a specific structure of policies for employee rights in relation to the collective actions. A few of the regulations also required union certification through secret ballot (OECD, 1997, pp. 86–87). In 2007, the union density in US was about 36 percent. Among this about 7.5 percent was in the private sector and the rest in the public sector. It is said that the US unions have a unique approach because they provide benefits mainly to the existing
Sunday, January 26, 2020
The Significance Of The Dorado Sequence
The Significance Of The Dorado Sequence In Candide by Voltaire, describes the transformation of the protagonist Candide, throughout the story. The author demonstrates the character development over the story starting with an innocent personality as a child who does not have responsibility to know, into a great man who experienced the life means. Basically Candide endures the human suffering to get his final destiny. During his crossing candide visited many cities which make him have different point of view about life experience such as El Dorado. It was a great place totally different from the rest of cities. In the story the language shows Candides progress towards maturity. When Candide was expulsed from the palace for his love to Ms. Cunegonde, he experimented a cruelty period of life. But it help him to face the philosophical view that all things in life are necessary for some greater good. As said his best friend and philosopher Pangloss. ,He sees that everything does not happen for the best as the philosophers and metaphysician Pangloss had told him in the Barons castle. (Philip Littell)Throughout Candides travels he develops a new philosophy of life, his eyes open to reality. In the story El Dorado have a big role in Candide ideologies about life. People in El Dorado have different ways of thinking and priorities with Europe or visitors. I simply cant understand , said he, the passion you Europeans have for our yellow mud; but take all you want, and much good may it do you.( Candide,408).El Dorado habitants know how the outsiders over appreciate money and gold. Also ,people from there ,know that materialistic things are important and indispensable for the visitors and most of the time the only way to meet happiness for a while they have those valuables were worthless for them. In constrat el Dorado is the notion of emotions such as love and care are freely chosen. People in El Dorado value the species and fellow human rather than having wars against each other for a ridiculous argument and ambition of possessing all the materialistic objects. Moreover, El Dorado is a really simple and humble city, where people do not need extravagant things, they only have the essential things and there are no disagreements between them, poverty is nonexistent. Cacambo its true my friend it again, the castle where I was born does not compare with the land where we now are; but Miss Cunegonde is not here.(Candide, 408).In this quote I could perceive the reason of candide to leave el Dorado, it was Miss Cunengonde. Candide was really in love with her and he wanted to be with her. The love of both was not accept for their different social classes. Candide to get his change goes through many adventures and gradually matures into an experienced and practical man. Finally, he decides to settle down and live by farming his own garden-this symbolizes his surrender to simple self-preservation and candide said that we must cultivate our garden.(Voltaire 30,438) After a long and difficult struggle in which Candide is forced to overcome misfortune to find happiness, he concludes that everything is not as good as it seems the way Dr. Pangloss, his tutor had taught him. Another important point in El Dorado is that people shared their belongings and there is no such a feeling as avarice and envy in this place. Even though the residents of El Dorado do, they do not have an organized religion and do not believe in a religious persecution. None of the inhabitants they all believe the same thing. In order Voltaire remarks that unlike Europe and the rest of the world in El Dorado people are free to follow and express their own faith and not be afraid of future consequences of others disapproval. Furthermore, in El Dorado there are not courts or prisons because everyone acted with a good attitude toward each other. By the way, their system of education is well organized and advanced compare to the rest. Unfortunately, the rest of the world is really different from El Dorado. In this part of the world we can see a lot of violence, corruption and misfortune thats why El Dorado tries to keep away from the rest of the world, because habitants does not want to be infected with this style of life. Everyone wants to been in a community without those problems, because the environment plays a big role in the way we live and, also in the way we interact with the others. Instead of living in an infected world we should be looking for a better lifestyle. We only request of your majesty, Cacambo said, a few sheep loaded with provisions, some pebbles, and some of the mud of country. The king laughed. I simply cant understand, said he, the passion you Europeans have for our yellow mud; but take all you want, and much good may it do you.(candide, 408) In addition, El Dorado dont need of gold and jewels to been happy like the rest world, that the main priority is have more and more money to be happy. A great and important value from the habitants of El Dorado is that always they demonstrate love, respect and confidence to their children and community. One thing important that i learned of the book el dorado is that they always is important show love, respect and confidence to their children and community and the thing materialistic dont need been the most important to them. In contrary, the rest world teach to children that materialistic things are important to reach the happy and I believe that is great problem that present the society today because they dont found confidence, respect and love. Then they use drugs to gain attention from their parents, because their parents dont have communications with them. Many teens use drugs because they are depressed or think drugs will help them escape their problems. El Dorado contrast to t he rest of the world in many different ways one is that rest word is materialistic and the effects that cause a society materialistic are the use drugs, alcohol and crime. It is the same as our addiction to all the materialistic things in the world. In addition, rest world have become extremely addicted to the material world. People El Dorado is different because they are peace-loving people determined to live a life of simplicity, sheltering themselves from the outside world to better focus on the spiritual world. The most important for El Dorado community is that they want to feel better of follow with the values of their community. Candide listened attentively and believed innocently; for he thought Miss Cunegonde extremely beautiful, though he never had the courage to tell her so. He concluded that after the happiness of being born Baron of Thunder-ten-Tronckh, the second degree of happiness was to be Miss Cunegonde, the third that of seeing her every day, and the fourth that of hearing Master Pangloss, the greatest philosopher of the whole province, and consequently of the whole world (candide 1, 378) During his adventures he realize that things not always happen for the best, he understand that it just happen in his innocent mind. El dorado have a great important to one of some changes of Candide was his philosophy really optimistic mind everything is for the best. It was a phrase of his teacher Pangloss He taught that everything was for the best and Candide, having never heard any other philosophies, agrees blindly. In his amazing journey he finds that every event in the world has a reason, and whether there are positive or negative moments you have to live them.
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